Technical Fundamentals for Product Managers [3/3]
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In part-1 of the Technical fundamentals, we have understood about apps and databases. In part-2, we have understood software architecture and architectural views. In part 3 of Technical fundamentals, we will be discussing networking and cloud computing. We will understand all the concepts and keywords and then answer the question of “How the Internet works”.
Computer Networks
Computer Networks
Computer networks are a set of interconnected devices which are capable of sending and receiving data. The network devices are called nodes, and the links connecting the nodes are called communication channels. A node in the user application that participates as a server is called the host.
Network Data Transmission
Data is transferred from different layers from the uppermost layer (Application Layer) to the lowest layer (Physical layer). The user data from the application layer goes to the transport layer, where the data is attached to the port number, which is also called TCP header. The TCP header, along with the data (TCP data array), goes to the network layer in which the data gets attached with the IP header. The IP header and the data (IP data array) go to the data layer, where it gets attached to the Ethernet Header. Then this data is ready for transmission as packets from the port.
Internet Protocol Address:
In computer Networks, nodes(devices) are connected; they can send the data from one node to another node. But to transfer the data, we need the node’s address to identify where we want to send the data; this address is known as IP address. An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the Internet or a local network. IP stands for “Internet Protocol,” which is the rules governing the format of data sent via the Internet or local network. An IP address is of two types.
- IPV4: IPV4 consists of four numbers separated with dots, and each number can range from 0–255 since computers understand binary language. So each IPV4 is a 32-bit address, so 2³² ~4B devices can be connected with IPV4 address.
- IPV6: Since in IPV4, we can only connect ~4B devices, so we are moving towards IPV6, which is a 128-bit address, and a total of 2¹²⁸ devices can be connected to the Internet
Domain Name System(DNS):
In networking, computers don’t go by names like humans do; they go by numbers because that’s who different computer devices talk to each other. But humans are accustomed to using names instead of numbers when talking to a person. So to bridge this gap, we build DNS, which is a mapping of Domain Names to IP addresses. For example, when you type “www.google.com" in the browser, it converts to the ugly looking IP address because that’s who computers can communicate with. We will be getting the same result if we type in IP address instead of the domain name system, but we are not accustomed to numbers; we opt for this route.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol:
HTTP is the foundation of any data exchange on the web. It is a client-server protocol for encoding and transporting the information between a client and web server.
This is how the Internet works:
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing delivers computing services like servers, databases, networking, analytics over the Internet. These are the following different benefits of cloud services.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Cloud computing eliminates the cost of buying the hardware, software, and maintenance.
- Flexibility: It can scale in terms of storage, bandwidth etc.
- Reliability: It has made data backup and disaster recovery easy.
- Security: Cloud providers provide security technology and controls.
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